{"id":1762,"date":"2019-11-25T20:48:25","date_gmt":"2019-11-26T02:48:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/?p=1762"},"modified":"2020-07-20T17:16:58","modified_gmt":"2020-07-20T22:16:58","slug":"almagest-book-iii-equation-of-anomaly-from-perigee-using-epicyclic-hypothesis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/2019\/11\/almagest-book-iii-equation-of-anomaly-from-perigee-using-epicyclic-hypothesis\/","title":{"rendered":"Almagest Book III: Equation of Anomaly from Perigee using Epicyclic Hypothesis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>As the final post for this chapter, we&#8217;ll examine the equation of anomaly for angles measured from perigee in the epicyclic model.\u00a0Again, we&#8217;ll start with a basic diagram for the epicyclic model and this time, we&#8217;ll drop a perpendicular onto $\\overline{DA}$ from H to form $\\overline{HK}$.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/AlmagestFig3-18.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1763\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/AlmagestFig3-18.jpg?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/AlmagestFig3-18.jpg?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/AlmagestFig3-18.jpg?w=614&amp;ssl=1 614w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>To get us started, we&#8217;ll notice that the angular distance of the point of mean motion, at A, is $arc \\; AG$ away from perigee, at G on the deferent<span id='easy-footnote-1-1762' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/2019\/11\/almagest-book-iii-equation-of-anomaly-from-perigee-using-epicyclic-hypothesis\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-1762' title='At least as I&amp;#8217;ve drawn it. If you&amp;#8217;re following along with the translation, you&amp;#8217;ve surely noticed I draw my epicyclic diagrams different than Toomer. His are always rotated so that the epicycle with point E is upright whereas I find it much easier to understand when I keep the &lt;em&gt;deferent&lt;\/em&gt; fixed. Typically this doesn&amp;#8217;t result in the diagrams being different with the exception that I usually leave the &amp;#8220;ghost&amp;#8221; of where the epicycle started and mine would be rotated. However, in this case, G is positioned on the deferent towards perigee whereas Toomer extended $\\overline{ED}$ across the circle and placed G there. But since G isn&amp;#8217;t used in this, it doesn&amp;#8217;t particular matter.'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span>. This subtends $\\angle{ADG}$, which we&#8217;ll again be taking as 30\u00ba. From there, we can point out that this is the same angle as $\\angle{HAK}$ because $\\overline{AH} \\parallel \\overline{GD}$ making the two angles alternate interior angles. Thus, the arc that represents the angular distance of the mean from perigee can also be the arc that subtends this angle, $arc \\; H \\Theta$. So this arc too is 30\u00ba in the context of the overall diagram.<\/p>\n<p>We&#8217;ll again jump into the demi-degrees method, drawing small circle AKH with diameter $\\overline{AH}$. Here, $\\angle{KAH}$ retains its measure, but in the context of this smaller circle, it will mean that the arc subtending at angle is twice that. So $arc \\; KH = 60\u00ba$ which has a chord length of 60.<\/p>\n<p>We can again find $\\angle{KHA} = 60\u00ba$<span id='easy-footnote-2-1762' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/2019\/11\/almagest-book-iii-equation-of-anomaly-from-perigee-using-epicyclic-hypothesis\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-1762' title='Again, this is is the supplement of the previous angle.'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> which means $arc \\; AK = 120\u00ba$ and its chord 103;55. As a reminder, $\\overline{AH} = 120$ in the context of the small circle as it&#8217;s the diameter.<\/p>\n<p>Now let&#8217;s put things back in terms of the the overall diagram, staring with $\\overline{KH}$ which we&#8217;ll compare to $\\overline{AH}$:<\/p>\n<p>$$\\frac{\\overline{KH}}{\\overline{AH}} = \\frac{60}{120} = \\frac{\\overline{KH}}{2;30}$$<\/p>\n<p>Solving:<\/p>\n<p>$$\\overline{KH} = 2;30 \\cdot \\frac{60}{120} = 1;15$$<\/p>\n<p>Next up, $\\overline{AK}$:<\/p>\n<p>$$\\frac{\\overline{AK}}{\\overline{AH}} = \\frac{103;55}{120} = \\frac{\\overline{AK}}{2;30}$$<\/p>\n<p>Solving:<\/p>\n<p>$$\\overline{AK} = 2;30 \\cdot \\frac{103;55}{120} = 2;10$$<\/p>\n<p>And now that we&#8217;re back in the context of the big circle, we can subtract $\\overline{KA}$ from $\\overline{DA}$ to determine $\\overline{DK} = 57;50$<\/p>\n<p>Now we&#8217;ll focus on triangle $\\triangle{DHK}$. Again, this is a right triangle and we know two sides, so we can determine the hypotenuse, $\\overline{DH}$ via the Pythagorean theorem:<\/p>\n<p>$$\\overline{DH} = \\sqrt{1;15^2 + 57;50^2} = 57;51$$<\/p>\n<p>We&#8217;ll do one more demi-degrees method, this time about circle DK\u0398 on radius $\\overline{DH}$ with the goal of determining $\\overline{KH}$.<\/p>\n<p>$$\\frac{\\overline{KH}}{\\overline{DH}} = \\frac{1;15}{57;51} = \\frac{\\overline{KH}}{120}$$<\/p>\n<p>Solving<span id='easy-footnote-3-1762' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/2019\/11\/almagest-book-iii-equation-of-anomaly-from-perigee-using-epicyclic-hypothesis\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-1762' title='I actually come up with 2;35,34 on this which would round to 2;36, but it may be an issue of I&amp;#8217;ve been continually using rounded numbers. While Ptolemy only displayed his values to the first division, if he kept higher precision throughout, it&amp;#8217;s feasible that he could have come up with 2;34.'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span>:<\/p>\n<p>$$\\overline{KH} = 120 \\cdot \\frac{1;15}{57;51} = 2;34$$<\/p>\n<p>This is the chord, so we can use the chord table to reverse lookup and determine that $arc \\; KH = 2;27\u00ba$, which would be twice the value of the subtended angle if that angle is on the circumference which means $\\angle{HDK} = 1;14\u00ba$ which was the equation of the anomaly and in agreement with our figure from the eccentric hypothesis.<\/p>\n<p>This can be added to the 30\u00ba of actual motion to determine that the apparent position along of the sun in angular distance from perigee is 31;14\u00ba.<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, if we know the apparent position instead of the position of the mean, we can again calculate the equation of anomaly from the following diagram.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/AlmagestFig3-19.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1764\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/AlmagestFig3-19.jpg?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/AlmagestFig3-19.jpg?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/AlmagestFig3-19.jpg?w=614&amp;ssl=1 614w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Here, we&#8217;ve dropped perpendicular from A onto $\\overline{DZ}$ forming $\\overline{AL}$<span id='easy-footnote-4-1762' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/2019\/11\/almagest-book-iii-equation-of-anomaly-from-perigee-using-epicyclic-hypothesis\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-1762' title='Things got pretty scrunched up here so to be clear, point L is just a bit closer to H than B.'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span>. In this setup, the apparent angular position from perigee is $arc \\; BG$ which subtends $\\angle{BDG}$ which is equal to $\\angle{LHA}$. We can see that these are the same angle because they both make use of $\\overline{DZ}$ as one side, and $\\overline{AH} \\parallel \\overline{GD}$.<\/p>\n<p>We can use the demi-degrees method around $\\triangle{LHA}$ to determine the ratio $\\frac{\\overline{AH}}{\\overline{AL}}$. Also, we know the ratio of $\\frac{\\overline{AH}}{\\overline{AD}}$. We again divide these to get the ratio $\\frac{\\overline{AD}}{\\overline{AL}}$. Using this with the demi-degrees method again on $\\triangle{ADL}$ will again allow us to solve for $\\angle{ADL}$ which is the equation of anomaly.<\/p>\n<p>That completes the math portion of this chapter. There&#8217;s still another page in this chapter, but essentially Ptolemy is just talking about how he&#8217;s going to lay out the table that is the entirety of the next chapter, derived from the methods we&#8217;ve explored in this chapter. As such, I&#8217;ll discuss that portion of the text with the table itself in the next post!<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Almagest-Progress-11-25-19-2.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1765\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Almagest-Progress-11-25-19-2.png?resize=300%2C129&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Almagest-Progress-11-25-19-2.png?resize=300%2C129&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Almagest-Progress-11-25-19-2.png?resize=1024%2C440&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Almagest-Progress-11-25-19-2.png?resize=768%2C330&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Almagest-Progress-11-25-19-2.png?w=1294&amp;ssl=1 1294w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As the final post for this chapter, we&#8217;ll examine the equation of anomaly for angles measured from perigee in the epicyclic model.\u00a0Again, we&#8217;ll start with a basic diagram for the epicyclic model and this time, we&#8217;ll drop a perpendicular onto $\\overline{DA}$ from H to form $\\overline{HK}$.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[24],"tags":[31,25,29,28,11,26,14],"class_list":["post-1762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-almagest","tag-algebra","tag-almagest","tag-chords","tag-geometry","tag-heliocentrism","tag-mathematics","tag-ptolemy"],"acf":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9ZpvC-sq","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1762","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1762"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1762\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2079,"href":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1762\/revisions\/2079"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1762"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1762"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonvoisey.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1762"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}